Background and Aim: Fear from dentistry procedures is one of the most prevalent conditions which can influence patient-dentist relationships. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of fear from different dental procedures in patients referred to the dental school of Kennan university.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the rate of fear from different dental procedures in 386 patients referred to the dental school of Kennan University was assessed with the visual analogue scale by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by t and ANOVA tests.Results: The results of this study showed that from 386 patients referred, 74 (19%) patients had low to moderate fear, 261(67.8%) patients had moderate to severe fear and 51(13.2%) patients had extreme fear. Most of the patients feared from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observing the syringe. The analysis of data showed that there was a significant relationship between fear, sex and previous unpleasant experiences. Women had more fear than men (P=0.012), and those who had unpleasant experiences feared more than those who did not (P=0.03). Fear decreased as the number of visits to the dentist increased (P=0.021). Conclusion: In spite of the differences in the rate of fear, dental procedures which cause the fear were the same in the patients.

Aim: The goal of this Cross-Sectional study was assessment of the rate of fear in different dental situations on 231 patients referring to dental school of Shahid Sadooghi University of Yazd.Method & Material: All of necessary information was gathered by the means of a questionnaire containing questions about demographic varieties and 19 different dental situations. In this study rate of fear of patients was obtained by the method of visual analogue scale.Results: The results of this study showed that 134 (57/3%) patients had low to moderate fear, 85 (36.8%) patients had moderate to sever fear and 12 (5.19%) patients had very sever fear. The most rate of fear was from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observation of needle. The assessment of information showed that there was significant statistical relationship between fear and sex and unfavorable experiences. But there wasn't any significant statistical relationship between fear and age and number of appointments.Conclusion: With considering of these results we advise that dentists increase their information about fear and the ways to reduce it.

Aim and Background: The aim of this study is comparing ACTH changes in epidural and intravenous analgesia technique after lower limb orthopedic surgery.Methods and Materials: In a randomized clinical trial in Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital during 1387-88, 60 patients candidate for surgery on the lower extremities were randomly allocated to receive either postoperative analgesia with epidural analgesia (PCEA) or IV analgesia (PCIA). Measurement of ACTH levels and visual analogue scale (VAS) was performed in four relief phases including at the time of arrival to the operating room, immediately after surgery and 12 hours after intravenous pump functionary and 24 hours after surgery were recorded.Findings: The mean level of ACTH and VAS, 24 hours and 12 hours after surgery in the PCEA group were less than PCIA. Ramsey Sedation Score (RSS) in PCEA group at these intervals was more than PCIA cases.Conclusions: It seems that PCEA relieves pain more effectively than PCIA method. However, the proper method of anesthesia for each patient as well as patients' preferences should be considered in selecting the method of postoperative analgesia.

Background: During recent three decades, parallel to the improvement of arthroscopic techniques, intra-articular block by direct injection of anesthetics into the joint has been used in knee arthroscopy. In this study the efficacy of intra- articular block by complex of bupivacaine, lidocaine and adrenaline in knee arthroscopy has been assessed.Methods: Forty one healthy adults (age range: 18-55 years) with knee problems selected for diagnostic arthroscopy. Anesthesia was induced by direct injection of10ml 2% bupivacaine, 10ml 0.5% lidocaine plus 1/100000 adrenaline into the knee joint. Duration of operation and volume of serum used for irrigation during the procedure; pain and analgesics requirement, during and after arthroscopy; VAS (visual analogue scale) score, at time of discharge from recovery and also patient's and surgeon's satisfaction were assessed.Results: Sixty eight percent and 29% of cases reported mild and moderate degree of pain perception during arthroscopy, respectively, and only one case for which general anesthesia was performed, reported severe pain. VAS mean was 2.78. Seventy eight percent of cases and the surgeon in80% of procedures had excellent or good satisfaction with intra-articular block.Conclusions: Considering high level of satisfaction in both patients and surgeon and mean of VAS, complications of other modalities of anesthesisa and simplicity of the technique, intra-articular block can be used as an easy, safe and efficient method for knee arthroscopy.

Several pain assessment tools have been proposed for use in different settings, but neither have been validated for all patients, especially Iranians.We conducted this study to compare the accuracy of two most commonly used tools for evaluation of pain intensity in a group of postoperative Iranian patients.All postoperative patients admitted to the surgical wards of Masih Daneshvari and Rasoul Akram Hospitals, Tehran, Iran were studied. During a two-month period, patients were evaluated for pain intensity within 24 hours of operation. visual analogue scale and faces rating scale were used for this purpose.Eighty- two patients were enrolled into the study. Forty-eight patients underwent obstetrics and 34 had general surgeries. Using Spearman analysis, we found a linear correlation between the results of the two methods (P=0.952). Using multivariate analysis, we found that none of the variables such as age, gender, and education level had significant effects on correlation between visual analogue scale and faces rating scale.visual analogue scale and faces rating scale are two pain assessment tools that can be used interchangeably for evaluation of acute postoperative pain.